Dietotherapy and vitamin supplementation to combat hyperhomocysteinemia
Abstract
High levels of homocysteine (Hcy) have been considered an independent risk factor for several diseases. Balanced diet rich in folate and B vitamins present themselves as effective in combating hyperhomocysteinemia. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of diet therapy and vitamin supplementation in reducing homocysteine levels in adults. It was evaluated 19 adults aged 15 to 80 years, performing anthropometric data: height, weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and biochemical examination before and after the therapeutic and supplementary treatment vitamin. Homocysteine values were compared using the t test student (α = 0.05) and anthropometric data and concentration of Hcy are associated through a correlation matrix. The results showed a statistically significant difference between Hcy concentrations before and after treatment (p <0.01). In the pre-treatment, 57.89% of the patients were with hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 µmol /L) compared to the no post-treatment. The average reduction of Hcy, weight, waist circumference was 27.26%, 8.26% and 9.22%, respectively. There was no association between Hcy and anthropometric data. It can be said that dietary therapy combined with vitamin supplementation used a decisive influence in reducing homocysteine levels.
References
-Agrawal, A.; Ilango, K.; Singh, P.K.; Karmakar, D.; Singh, G.P.I.; Kumari, R.; Dubey, G.P. Age dependent levels of plasma homocysteine and cognitive performance. Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 283. p.139-144. 2015.
-Al-Maskari, M. Y.; Mostafa, I.W.; Amanat, A.; Yusra, S.A.; Ouhtit, A. Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia promote oxidative stress in adult type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. Vol. 28. Núm.7-8. p. e23-e26. 2012.
-Bazzano, L. A.; Reynolds, K.; Holder, K.N.; He, J. Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. Vol. 296. Núm. 22. p. 2720, 2006.
-Bigio, R. S.; Verly, J.R. E.; Castro, M.A.; Galvão, C.L.C.; Fisberg, R.M.; Marchioni, D.M.L. Are plasma homocysteine concentrations in Brazilian adolescents influenced by the intake of the main food sources of natural folate? Annals of nutrition & metabolism. Vol. 62. Núm. 4. p. 331. 2013.
-Biselli, P.; Guerzoni, A.; Godoy, M.; Eberlin, M.; Haddad, R.; Carvalho, V.; Vannucchi, H; Pavarino-Bertelli, E; Goloni-Bertollo, E. Genetic polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism and concentrations of methylmalonic acid and folate on plasma homocysteine and risk of coronary artery disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis.Boston. Vol. 29. Núm. 1. p. 32-40. 2010.
-Cacciapuoti, F. Hyper-homocysteinemia: a novel risk factor or a powerful marker for cardiovascular diseases? Pathogenetic and therapeutical uncertainties. J Thromb Thrombolysis.Boston. Vol. 32. Núm. 1. p. 82-88. 2011.
-Carter, C. Homocysteine-lowering treatments for CVD?. American Family Physician. Vol. 74. Núm. 9. p. 1606. 2006.
-Ebesunun, M. O.; Obajobi, E. O. Elevated plasma homocysteine in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The Pan African medical journal.Vol. 12. p. 48. 2012.
-Herrmann, W. Clinical use and rational management of homocysteine, folic acid, and B vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. Zeitschrift für Kardiologie. Vol. 93. Núm. 6. p. 439-453. 2004.
-Jadavji, N. M.; Farr, T.D.; Lips, J.; Khalil, A.A.; Boehm-Sturma, P.; Foddisa, M.; Harmsa, C.; Füchtemeier, M.; Dirnagl, U. Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine, deficiencies indietary folic acid and uracil-DNA glycosylase impair learning in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment. Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 283. p. 215-226. 2015.
-Ji, Y.; Tan, S.; Xu, Y.; Chandra, A.; Shi, C.; Song, B.; Qin, J.; Gao, Y. Vitamin B supplementation, homocysteine levels, and the risk of cerebrovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Neurology. Vol. 81. Núm. 15. p. 1298. 2013.
-Kang, S.-S. Treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: physiological basis.The Journal of nutrition. Vol. 126. Núm. 4S. p. 1273S.1996.
-Kałużna-Czaplińska, J.; Michalska, M.; Rynkowski, J. Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children. Nutrition Research. Vol. 31. Núm. 4. p. 318-321. 2011.
-Kardesoglu, E.; Uz, O.; Isilak, Z.; Cebeci, B.S. Homocysteine as a new risk factor for cardiovascular events in heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 146. Núm. 1. p. 126-127. 2011.
-Meertens, L.; Díaz, N.; Fraile, C.; Riera, M.; Rodríguez, A.; Rodríguez, L.; Solano, L. Nutritional status, anthropometric index and serum homocysteine in postmenopausal venezuelan women. Revista Chilena de Nutrición. Vol. 38. Núm. 3. p. 278-284. 2011.
-Park, S. B.; Georgiades, A. Changes in body composition predict homocysteine changes and hyperhomocysteinemia in Korea. Journal of Korean medical science. Vol. 28. Núm.7. p. 1015. 2013.
-Rowley, K. G.; Su, Q.; Cincotta, M.; Skinner, M.; Skinner, K.; Pindan, B.; White, G.; O’Dea, K. Improvements in circulating cholesterol, antioxidants, and homocysteine after dietary intervention in an Australian Aboriginal community. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 74. Núm. 4. p. 442-448. 2011.
-Scorsatto, M.; Uehara, S.; Luiz, R.R.; Oliveira, G.M.M.; Rosa, G. Fortification of flours with folic acid reduces homocysteine levels in Brazilian women. Nutrition Research. Vol. 31. Núm. 12. p. 889-895. 2011.
-Stea, T.; Mansoor, M.; Wandel, M.; Uglem, S.; Frølich, W. Changes in predictors and status of homocysteine in young male adults after a dietary intervention with vegetables, fruits and bread. Eur J Nutr.Dordrecht. Vol. 47. Núm. 4. p. 201-209. 2008.
-Sticher, M. A.; Smith, C. B.; Davidson, S. Reducing heart disease through the vegetarian diet using primary prevention. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners.Oxford, UK. Vol. 22. Núm. 3. p. 134-139. 2010.
-Verhoef, P. Homocysteine an indicator of a healthy diet?. Am J Clin Nutr. Vol. 85. p. 1446-7. 2007.
-Wang, Z. Homocysteine suppresses lipolysis in adipocytes by activating the AMPK pathway.American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 301. Núm. 4. p. e703-e712. 2011.
-WHO. World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. Genebra: WHO; 2014. Disponível em: <http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf?ua=1> Acesso em: 15/05/2016.
-Yakub, M.; Iqbal, M. P.; Iqbal, R. Dietary patterns are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in an urban Pakistani population. The Journal of nutrition. Vol. 140. Núm. 7. p. 1261. 2010.
-Zappacosta, B.; Mastroiacovo, P.; Persichilli, S.; Pounis, G.; Ruggeri, S.; Minucci, A.; Carnovale, E.; Andria, G.; Ricci, R.; Scala, I.; Genovese, O.; Turrini, A.; Mistura, L.; Giardina, B.; Iacoviello, L. Homocysteine lowering by folate-rich diet or pharmacological supplementations in subjects with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia. Nutrients. Vol. 5. Núm. 5. p. 1531-1543. 2013.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
