New trends in physical activity and it’s clinical intervention in thetreatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome
Abstract
Introduction: The global epidemic of obesity is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, the abundance of palatable foods and calorie low cost is undoubtedly one of the causes that contribute most to the epidemic, which is a gateway to various disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, a complex disorder represented by a set of cardiovascular risk factors, usually related to central adiposity and insulin resistance. Objectives: To reveal the role of exercise in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Methodology: Literature review. Conclusions: Physical fitness affects some parameters of metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and obesity, so should be encouraged for healthy individuals and those with multiple risk factors, provided they are able to participate in a physical training program. Just as clinical therapy helps to maintain the function of organs, physical activity promotes favorable physiological adaptations, resulting in improved quality of life.
References
-Alberti, F.G.M.M.; Zimmet, P.Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med, Vol. 15, 1998, p. 539-553.
-Alvarez, M.M.; Vieira, A.C.R; Sichieri, R.; Veiga, G.V. Associação das medidas antropométricas de localização de gordura central com os componentes da síndrome metabólica em uma amostra probabilística de adolescentes de escolas públicas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. São Paulo. Vol. 52. Num. 4. 2008. p. 649-657.
-American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand: Exercise and Hypertension. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 36. Num. 3. 2004. p. 533-553.
-American Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Diabetes Care, Vol. 25. 2002. p. 64-68.American Diabetes Association. Position Statement. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, Vol. 27. Num. 1. 2004. p. 5-10.
-Athyros, V.G; Bouloukos, V.I.; Pehlivanidis, A.N.; Papageorgiou, A.A.; Dionysopoulou, S.G.; Symeonidis, A.N.; et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Greece: the MetS-GreeceMulti-centre Study. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism. Vol. 7. Num. 4. 2005. p. 397-405.
-Bacon, S.L.; Sherwood, A.; Hinderliter, A.; Blumenthal, J.A. Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure. Sports Medicine, Vol. 34. 2004. p. 307-316.
-Bahia, L.; Aguiar, L.G.K.; Villela, N.R.; Bottino, D.; Bouskela, E. O endotélio na síndrome metabólica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. São Paulo. Vol. 50. Num. 2. 2006. p. 291-303.
-Bajpeyi, S.; Tanner, C.J.; Slentz, C.A.; Duscha, B.D.; McCartney, J.S.; Hickner, R.C.; Kraus, W.E.; Houmard, J.A. Effect of exercise intensity and volume on persistence of insulin sensitivity during training cessation. Journal Applied Physiology. Vol. 106. 2009. p. 1079-1085.
-Bloomgarden, Z.T. Definitions of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care. Vol. 27. 2004. p. 824-830.
-Carrol, S.; Dudfield, M. What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Medicine, Vol. 34. 2004. p. 371-418.
-Carr, D.B.; e colaboradores. Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes, Vol. 53. 2004. p. 2087-2094.
-Castaneda, C.; Layne, L.E.; Orians, L.M.; Gordon, P.L.; Walsmith, J.; Foldvari, M., et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, Vol. 25. 2002. p. 35-41.
-Ciolac, E.G.; Guimarães, G.V. Exercício físico e síndrome metabólica. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, Niterói, Vol. 10. Num. 4. 2004. p. 319-324.
-Costa, L.A.; Canani, L.H.; Lisboa, H.R.; Três, G.S.; Gross, J.L. Aggregation of features of the metabolic syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of chronic complications in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine., Vol. 21. Num. 3. 2004. p. 252-255.
-Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial, V. Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, 2006.
-Diretriz Brasileira de Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica, I. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Vol. 84, Supl. I. 2005.
-Eriksson, J.; Taimela, S.; Koivisto, V.A. Exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia. Vol. 40. 1997. p. 125-135.
-Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol. Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 285. 2001. p. 2486-2497.
-Ferreira, A.P.; Oliveira, D.E.; França, N.M. Síndrome metabólica em crianças obesas e fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares de acordo com a resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). Porto Alegre. Jornal de Pediatria. Vol. 83. Num. 1. 2007. p. 21-26.
-Gang, Hu, M.D.; Qing Qiao, M.D.; Jaakko Tuomilehto, M.D.; Beverley Balkau, M.D.; Knut Borch-Johnsen, M.D.; Kalevi Pyorala, M.D. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to allcause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 164. 2004. p. 1066-1076.
-Gimeno, S.G.; Ferreira, S.R.; Franco, L.J.; Hirai, A.T.; Matsumura, L.; Moisés, R.S. Prevalence and 7-year incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Japanese-Brazilian population: analarming public health problem. Diabetologia, Vol. 45. Suppl. 12. 2002. p. 1635-1638.
-Grundy, S.M.; Hansen, B.; Smith, S.C.Jr.; Cleeman, J.I.; Khan, R.A. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation, Vol. 109. Suppl. 4. 2004. p. 551-556.
-Grundy, S. M.; Cleeman, J.I.; Daniels, S.R.; Donato, K.A.; Eckel, R.H.; Franklin, B.A.; Gordon, D.J.; Krauss, R.M.; Savage, P.J.; Smith, S.C.Jr.; Spertus, J.A.; Costa, F. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. Vol.112. 2005.p. 2735-2752.
-Guedes, D.P. Controle do Peso corporal: Composição corporal, atividade física e nutrição. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Shape, 2003.
-Guttierres, A.P.M.; Marins, J.C.B. Efeitos do treinamento de força sobre os fatores de risco da síndrome metabólica. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, São Paulo, Vol. 11. Num. 1. 2008. p. 147-158.
-Halpern, A.; Mancini, M. C. O tratamento da obesidade no paciente portador de hipertensão arterial. Revista Brasileira de Hipertensão. São Paulo. Vol. 7. Num. 2. 2000. p. 166-171.
-Henrissen, E.J. Exercise effects of muscle insulin signaling and action. Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal Applied Physiology, Vol. 93. 2002. p. 788-796.
-Janssen, I.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Ross, R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 162. 2002. p. 2074-2079.
-Knowler, W.C.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Fowler, S.E.; Hamman, R.F.; Lachin, J.M.; Elizabeth A. Walker, E.A.; Nathan, D.M. Reduction of the incidence of type II diabetes with lifestyle intervention of metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 346. 2002. p. 393-403.
-Kopelman, P.G.; Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. Vol. 404. 2000. p. 635-643.
-Lopes, H.F. Síndrome metabólica: aspectos históricos, prevalência, e morbidade e mortalidade. Revista Brasileira de Cardiologia. São Paulo. Vol. 4. 2004. p. 539-543.
-Lottenberg, A.S.; Glezer, A.; Turatti, L.A.; Síndrome metabólica: identificando fatores de risco. Jornal de Pediatria. Porto Alegre. Vol. 83. Num. 5. 2007. p. 204-208.
-Maiorana, A.; O’Driscoll, G.; Cheetham, C.; Dembo, L.; Stanton, K.; Goodman, C.; Taylor, R.; Green, D. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Vol. 38. 2001. p. 860-866.
-Matos, A. F.G.; Moreira, R. O.; Guedes, E. P. Aspectos neurológicos da síndrome metabólica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologista & Metabologia, São Paulo, Vol. 47. Num. 4. 2003. p. 410-419.
-Ministério da Saúde. . Acesso em: outubro 2008.
-Monteiro, H.L.; Rolim, L.M.C.; Squinca, D.A. Efetividade de um programa de exercícios no condicionamento físico, perfil metabólico e pressão arterial de pacientes hipertensos. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 13. Num. 2. 2007. p. 107-112.
-McArdle, W.D.; Katch, F.I.; Katch, V.L. Fisiologia do exercício: energia, nutrição e desempenho humano. 4a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Guanabara Koogan, 1998.
-McDuffie, R.; Yanovski, J. A.; Treatment of childhood and adolescent Obesity. The Endocrinologist. Vol. 14. Num. 3. 2004. p. 138-143.
-Negrão, C.E.; Barreto, A.C.P. Cardiologia do Exercício: do atleta ao cardiopata. 2ª edição. Manole. 2006.
-Oliveira, C.L.; Mello, M.T.; Cintra, I.P.; Fisberg, M. Obesidade e síndrome metabólica na infância e adolescência. Revista de Nutrição. Campinas. Vol.17. Num. 2. 2004. p. 237-235.
-Park, Y.W.; Zhu, S.; Palaniappan, L.; Heshka, S.; Carnethon, M.R.; Heymsfield, S.B; The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 163. Suppl. 4. 2003. p. 427-436.
-Perusse, L. The human obesity gene map: the 1998 update. Obesity Research. Vol. 7. 1999. p. 111-129.
-Rodrigues, T.C.; Winter, J.J.; Trindade, D.M.; Canani, L.H.S. Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em uma população de pacientes com excesso de peso (funcionários de um hospital de referência). Revista do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre. Vol. 3. 2007. p. 27-30.
-Siqueira, A.F.A.; Abdalla, S.P.D.; Ferreira, S.R.G. LDL: da síndrome metabólica à instabilização da placa aterosclerótica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. São Paulo. Vol. 50. Num. 2. 2006. p. 334-343.
-The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestily intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 346. 2002. p. 393-403.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
