Effect of resistance training on body composition in older people
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on body composition in elderly women. Materials and Method: This research was an experimental study, with nineteen elderly women between 60 and 75 years old, without cognitive impairment. The TR lasted for 12 weeks, with two weekly sessions and duration of 50 minutes each. The body composition of the elderly women was evaluated before and after RT, from the fat mass (MG), the body mass index (BMI), the taper index (CI) and the waist-hip ratio (WHR). Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: All the elderly women had high means of MG, BMI and CI, indicating a high risk for diseases related to the accumulation of body fat, in addition to the risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases related to overweight and obesity. There was a significant improvement in BMI, which decreased from 28.16 (± 3.14) to 27.87 (± 3.14) kg / m2, effect size (r) = 0.54; p=0.039), after the intervention with RT. The CI and the WHR showed a significant intra-group difference after the intervention (p=0.010 and p=0.025, respectively), but there was a small increase in the CI (1.23 ± 0.06 to 1.25 ± 0.06). It was concluded that the 12-week RT caused significant effects on BMI, CI and WHR. The intervention with the TR showed positive effects for the reduction of BMI. Even with only one RT protocol, there was a gain in body composition being an advance in the area. RT can be indicated for the control of diseases related to obesity in elderly women, thus contributing to body composition.
References
-Brucki, S.M.D.; Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P.H.F., Okamoto, I.H. Sugestões para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. Vol. 61. Num. 3 B. 2003. p. 777-781.
-Cabrera, M. A. S.; Wajngarten M., Gebara O. C. E.; Diament J. Relação do índice de massa corporal, da relação cintura-quadril e da circunferência abdominal com a mortalidade em mulheres idosas: seguimento de 5 anos. Cad. de Saúde Pública. Vol. 21. Num. 3. 2005. p. 767-775.
-Chang, S.; Beason, T. S.; Hunleth, J. M; Colditz, G. A. A systematic review of body fat distribution and mortality in older people. Maturitas. Vol. 72. Num. 3. 2012. p. 175-191.
-Chen, H.T.; chun, Y. C.; Chen, Y. J.; Ho, S. Y.; huey-june, W. Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and IGF‐1 in the Elderly with Sarcopenic Obesity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Vol. 65. Num. 4. 2017.p. 827-832.
-Chiu, C.; Yang, R.; Yang, R.S; Chang, S. F. Effects of resistance training on body composition and functional capacity among sarcopenic obese residents in long-term care facilities: a preliminary study. BMC geriatrics, Vol. 18. Num. 1. 2018. p. 21.
-Cunha, P. M.; Ribeiro, A. S.; TomelerI, C. M.; Schoenfeld, B. J.; Silva, A. M.; Souza, M. F.; Nascimento, M. A.; Sardinha, L. B.;Cyrino, E. S. The effects of resistance training volume on osteosarcopenic obesity in older women. Journal of sports sciences. Vol. 36. Num. 14. 2018. p. 1564-1571.
-Cunningham, C.; Caserotti, P.; Tully, M. A. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta‐analyses. Scandinavian. Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Vol. 30. Num. 5. 2020. p. 816-827.
-Fontela, P.; Winkelmann, E; Viecili, P. Estudo do índice de conicidade, índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal como preditores de doença arterial coronariana. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Vol. 36. num. 5. 2017. p. 357-364.
-Fragala, M. S.; Cadore, E. L.; Dorgo, S.; Izquierdo, M.; Kraemer, W. J.; Peterson, M. D.; Ryan, E. D. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 33. Num. 8. 2019.p. 2019-2052
-Fritz, N. B.; Juesas, Á., Gargallo, P.; Calatayud, J.; Fernández-Garrido, J.;Rogers, M. E.; Colado, J. C. Positive effects of a short-term intense elstic resistance training program on body composition and physical functioning in overweight older women. Biological research for nursing. Vol. 20. Núm. 3. 2018. p. 321-334.
-Gadelha, A. B.; Paiva, F. M. L.; Gauche, R.; Oliveira, R. J.; Lima, R. M. Effects of resistance training on sarcopenic obesity index in older women: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. Vol. 65. 2016a. p. 168-173.
-Gadelha, A. B.; Myers, J.; Moreira, S.; Dutra, T. M.; Safons, M. P.; Lima, M. R. Comparison of adiposity indices and cut-off values in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. Vol. 10. Num. 3. 2016b. p. 143-148.
-Gurjão, A. L. D.; GobbI, L. T. B.; Carneiro, N. H.; Gonçalves, R.; Moura, R. F.; Cyrino, E. S.; Altimari, L. R.; Gobbi, S. Effect of Strength Training on Rate of Force Development in Older Women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. Vol. 83. Num 2. 2012. p. 268-275.
-Hallal, P. C.; Andersen, L. B; Bull, F.C. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. Vol. 380. Num. 9838. 2012. p. 247-257.
-Jambassi Filho, J. C.; Gurjão, A. L. D.; Gonçalves, R.; Barboza B. H. V.; GobbI, S. O Efeito de diferentes intervalos de recuperação entre as séries de treinamento com pesos, na força muscular em mulheres idosas treinadas. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 16. Num. 2. 2010. p. 112-115.
-Jambassi Filho, J. C.; Gurjão, A. L. D; Costa Júnior, M.; Gallo, L. H.; Gonçalves, R.; Costa, J. L. R.I.; GobbI, L. T. B.; Gobbi, S. Treinamento com pesos, modelo de programa sistematizado para a terceira idade. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia. Vol. 14. Num. 2. 2011. p.395-402.
-Mãnas, A.; Del Pozo-Cruz, B.; García-García, F. J.; Guadalupe-Grau, A.; Role of objectively measured sedentary behaviour in physical performance, frailty and mortality among older adults: A short systematic review. European Journal of Sport Science. Vol.17. Num. 7. 2017. p. 940-953.
-Kraemer, W; Ratamess, N.; French, D. Resistance training for health and performance. Current sports medicine reports. Vol. 1. Num. 3. 2002. p. 165-171.
-Lohman, T. G.; Roche, A. F.; Martorell, R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human kinetics books. 1988.
-Liberman, K.; Forti, L. N.; Beyer, I.; Bautmans, I. Efeitos do exercício na força muscular, composição corporal, funcionamento físico e perfil inflamatório de idosos. Opinião Atual em Nutrição Clínica e Cuidado Metabólico. Vol. 20. 2017. p. 30-53.
-Moreira, O. C.; Oliveira, C. E. P.; DE Maroto-Izquierdo, S.; Cuevas, M. J.; Paz, J. A. Effects of short-term strength training on body composition, muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bioscience Journal. Vol. 35. Num. 6. 2019. p. 1941-1957.
-Nam, S.; Kuo, Y.; Markides, K. S.; Snih, S. Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and disability among older adults in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC). Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. Vol. 55. Num. 2. 2012 p. 40-47.
-Oliveira, S. A.; Dutra, M. T.; Moraes, W. M. A. M.; Funghetto, S. S.; Farias, L.; Santos, P. H. F.; Vieira, D. C. L.; Nascimento, D.C; Orsano, V. S. M.; Schoenfeld, B. J.; Prestes, J. Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging. Vol. 15. Num. 13. 2018. p. 411-417.
-Pisciottano, M. V. C.; Pinto, S. S.; Szejnfeld, V.L.; Castro, C. H. M. The relationship between lean mass, muscle strength and physical ability in independent healthy elderly women from the community. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. Vol. 18. Núm. 5. 2014. p. 554-558.
-Pitanga, F. J. G.; Lessa, I. Indicadores antropométricos de obesidade como instrumento de triagem para risco coronariano elevado em adultos na cidade de Salvador-Bahia. Arq Bras Cardiol. Vol. 85. Num. 1. 2005. p. 26-31.
-Rebelo-Marques, A.; Lages, S. A.; Andrade, R.; Ribeiro, F. C.; Mota-Pinto, A.; Carrilho, F.; Espregueira-Mendes, J. Aging hallmarks: the benefits of physical exercise. Frontiers in endocrinology. Vol. 9. 2018. p. 258.
-Rezende, F. A. F.; Ribeirao, A. Q.; Mingoti, S. A.; Ferreira, P. F.; Martins, J. C. B.; Francescchini, S. C. C. Anthropometric patterns of adiposity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in older adults of Viçosa, Brazil: A population‐based study. Geriatrics & gerontology international. Vol. 18. Num. 4. 2018. p. 584-591.
-Rustaden, A. M.; Haakstad, L. A. H.; Paulsen, G.; BØ, K. Effects of BodyPump and resistance training with and without a personal trainer on muscle strength and body composition in overweight and obese women: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity research & clinical practice. Vol. 11. Num. 6. 2017. p. 728-739.
-Sass, A.; Marcon, S. Comparação de medidas antropométricas de idosos residentes em área urbana no sul do Brasil, segundo sexo e faixa etária. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia. Vol. 18. Num. 2. 2015. p. 361-372.
-Silveira, E.; Kac; Barbosa, L. Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade em idosos residentes em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: classificação da obesidade segundo dois pontos de corte do índice de massa corporal. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. Vol. 25. 2009. p. 1569-1577.
-Smith, R. L.; Soeters, M. R.; Wüst, R. C.; Houtkooper, R. H. Metabolic flexibility as an adaptation to energy resources and requirements in health and disease. Endocrine reviews. Vol. 39. Num. 4. 2018. p. 489-517.
-Silva, A. O.; Kanikowski, M. G. O.; Funggetto, S. S.; StivaL, M.M.; Lima, M. R.; Souza, J. C.; Souza, J. C. Natalva, J. W.; Prests, J. Association of body composition with sarcopenic obesity in elderly women. International Journal of General Medicine. Vol. 6. Num.1. 2013. p. 25-29.
-Steele, J.; Raubold, K.; Kemmler, W.; Ficher, J.; GentiL, P.; Giessing, J. The effects of 6 months of progressive high effort resistance training methods upon strength, body composition, function, and wellbeing of elderly adults. BioMed research international. Vol. 2017. 2017a.
-Steele, J.; Fischer, J.; Skivington, Dunn, C.; Arnold;,T., G.; Batterham, A. M.; Driscoll, M. J.; Mann, S.; Beedie, C.; Jobson, S.; Smith. D.; Vigotsky, A.; Phillips, S.; Estabooks, P.; VInett, R. Higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. Vol. 17. Num. 1. 2017. p 300. 2017b.
-Swift, D.L.; Johannsen, N. M.; Lavie, C. J.; Conrad, E. P.; Timothy, S. C. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. Vol. 56. Num. 4. 2014. p. 441-447.
-Thomas, J. R.; Nelson, J. K.; SIlvermann, S. J. Métodos de pesquisa em atividade física. 6ª edição. Porto Alegre. Artmed. 2012.
-Tomczak, M.; Tomczak, E. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences. Vol. 1. Num. 21. 2014. p. 19-25
-Valdez, R. A simple model-based index of abdominal adiposity. Journal of clinical epidemiology. Vol. 44. Num. 9. 1991. p. 955-956.
-Virtuoso, J. F.; Menezes, E. C.; Mazo, G. Z. Effect of Weight Training with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Elderly Women with Urinary Incontinence. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. Vol. 90. Num. 2. 2019. p. 141-150.
-WHO. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva. p.8-11 December 2008.
-WHO. World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva. 2020.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hian Maestri Alexandre, Enaiane Cristina Menezes, Angelise Mozerle, Bruna da Silva Vieira Capanema, Felipe Fank, Giovana Zarpellon Mazo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
